✅ Defining a Class and Creating an Object
# Define a class named Person
class Person:
    # Constructor to initialize attributes
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    # Method to display person's info
    def display(self):
        print(f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}")

# Create an object (instance) of Person
p1 = Person("Alice", 25)
p1.display()  # Output: Name: Alice, Age: 25
✅ Using Inheritance
# Base class
class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

# Derived class inheriting from Animal
class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        print("Dog barks")

# Create object of Dog and call speak()
d = Dog()
d.speak()  # Output: Dog barks
✅ Interface using Abstract Base Class
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# Abstract class as interface
class Vehicle(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def start_engine(self):
        pass

# Concrete class implementing interface
class Car(Vehicle):
    def start_engine(self):
        print("Car engine started")

# Cannot instantiate Vehicle directly
# v = Vehicle()  # This will raise an error

c = Car()
c.start_engine()  # Output: Car engine started
✅ Interface using Protocol (Python 3.8+)
from typing import Protocol

# Define a protocol
class Flyer(Protocol):
    def fly(self) -> None:
        ...

# A class implementing the Flyer protocol
class Bird:
    def fly(self):
        print("Bird is flying")

b = Bird()
b.fly()  # Output: Bird is flying