✅ Public Members (Default in Python)
Accessible from anywhere.

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name  # public attribute

s = Student("Ravi")
print(s.name)  # Output: Ravi
✅ Protected Members (_)
Accessible within the class and subclasses by convention.

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self._age = age  # protected variable

class Employee(Person):
    def show_age(self):
        print("Age is:", self._age)

e = Employee("Raj", 30)
e.show_age()  # Output: Age is: 30
🔸 Note: Technically still accessible outside, but it’s discouraged.

✅ Private Members (__)
Name mangled to make it harder to access directly.
class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance):
        self.__balance = balance  # private variable

    def get_balance(self):
        return self.__balance

acc = BankAccount(10000)
print(acc.get_balance())     # ✅ Output: 10000
# print(acc.__balance)      ❌ AttributeError
print(acc._BankAccount__balance)  # 🔓 Still accessible via name mangling (not recommended)
✅ Setter and Getter Methods
Used to control access to private data (encapsulation in action).
class User:
    def __init__(self):
        self.__password = None  # private variable

    def set_password(self, pwd):
        # You can add validations here
        self.__password = pwd

    def get_password(self):
        return self.__password

u = User()
u.set_password("secret123")
print(u.get_password())  # Output: secret123